Editorial Type:
Article Category: Research Article
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Online Publication Date: 09 Jun 2021

POTENTIAL SUSTAINABLE ANTIOXIDANTS FOR NATURAL RUBBER: HENNA AND ITS MAJOR COMPONENTS

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Page Range: 720 – 734
DOI: 10.5254/rct.21.79907
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ABSTRACT

Unsaturated chain structure of natural rubber makes it a poor defense against thermo-oxidative aging. Synthetic antioxidants are commonly used in rubber compound recipes to prevent/retard aging of the rubber material during its service life. However, synthetic antioxidants cause some negative effects on human and environmental health; they tend to be replaced by natural alternatives. In this study, the short- and long-term antioxidant effects of henna and its basic active components, lawsone and gallic acid, have been investigated individually for natural rubber cured with semi-efficient sulfur vulcanization system. The composition of henna was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Qualitative and quantitative analysis were performed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to highlight structural changes on aged vulcanizates. The authors attempted to correlate the suggested aging mechanism with rheological, mechanical, and morphological properties. Results showed that both lawsone and gallic acid were impressively successful regarding their anti-oxidation activity. In addition, henna, which contains a sufficient amount of lawsone and gallic acid, has been suggested as a competitive natural alternative to the common synthetic stabilization system for natural rubber, considering its sustainable commercial abundancy.

Copyright: 2021
Scheme 1.
Scheme 1.

Oxidation mechanism via chain scission.

Scheme 2.
Scheme 2.

Oxidation mechanism via crosslinking.

Scheme 3.
Scheme 3.

Anti-oxidation mechanism of TMQ.

Scheme 4.
Scheme 4.

Anti-oxidation mechanism of gallic acid.18,19

Scheme 5.
Scheme 5.

Suggested anti-oxidation mechanism of lawsone in natural rubber.

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.

GC-MS spectra of henna.

Fig. 2.
Fig. 2.

Cure curves of the selected compounds.

Fig. 3.
Fig. 3.

Tensile strength of the vulcanizates before and after thermal aging at 100 °C.

Fig. 4.
Fig. 4.

Fifty percent tensile modulus of the vulcanizates before and after thermal aging at 100 °C.

Fig. 5.
Fig. 5.

SEM micrographs of the original (a) control, (b) reference, (c) H1, (d) H2, (e) H3, (f) PG, (g) PL samples (×500).

Fig. 6.
Fig. 6.

XPS C1s spectra of (a) unaged, (b) aged samples.

Fig. 7.
Fig. 7.

XPS O1s spectra of (a) unaged, (b) aged samples.

Scheme 6.
Scheme 6.

Chain scission and macro radical formation in NR.

Fig. 8.
Fig. 8.

Normalized peak intensity of –OH group versus aging time.

Fig. 9.
Fig. 9.

Normalized peak intensity of C=O group versus aging time.

Contributor Notes

*Corresponding Author. Ph: +90 262 3033533; email: bkaraagac@kocaeli.edu.tr
Received: 01 Sept 2020
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